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Solutions:
their chemistry and physical properties
chem1 virtual textbook
a reference text for General Chemistry
Stephen Lower
Simon Fraser University
The Chem1 Virtual Textbook is a resource for General Chemistry aimed mainly at the first-year university level. It offers a more comprehensive, organized, and measured approach than is found in most standard textbooks. It should also be accessible to advanced high-school courses, and helpful as review material for students in more advanced courses in chemistry, biology, geology, and engineering.
hard water
To access the desired page, click one of the lesson titles immediately below; you can also go directly to any sub-section within a lesson by clicking on a smaller heading.
1- Solutions and their concentrations
2- Solution types and energetics:
why solutions form (or don't)
3- Solutions of non-volatile components: Raoult's law and colligative properties
4- Osmotic pressure and osmosis
5 - Solutions of volatile liquids, Distillation
6 - Solubility of salts : solubility equilibria
Part 1, for most introductory courses
Part 2, for more advanced courses
7 - Ions and electrolytes, electrolytic conduction
Most introductory courses omit this topic
Some useful references
Khan Academy videos
Solubility (13 min)
Boiling point elevation and freezing point depression (14 min)
Simon Fraser University
Burnaby Mountain campus,
looking North